What is C Programming? C is an enhanced C language typically used for object oriented programming. It traces its origins back well over thirty years. Although it’s far from the oldest computer language, it’s one of the older ones that is in common usage today – so you might say it gets an A for its ability to adapt to changing.
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- Nov 10, 2016 DEV-C for Windows contains all standard features necessary for creating, fixing, and executing programs written in C program languages. As C is an object-oriented expansion of C, it also supports earlier versions of the language.
- May 28, 2018 Is it safe to delete all Microsoft visual c When I tried to download Microsoft visual c 2015 it was stuck on processing, so I read an answer from a Microsoft guy here that you should delete all Microsoft visual c is that safe or no.
- The C expression parser supports all forms of C expression syntax. The syntax includes all data types (including pointers, floating-point numbers, and arrays) and all C unary and binary operators. Numbers in C Expressions. Numbers in C expressions are interpreted as decimal numbers, unless you specify them in another manner.
C++ pointers are easy and fun to learn. Some C++ tasks are performed more easily with pointers, and other C++ tasks, such as dynamic memory allocation, cannot be performed without them.
As you know every variable is a memory location and every memory location has its address defined which can be accessed using ampersand (&) operator which denotes an address in memory. Consider the following which will print the address of the variables defined −
When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result −
What are Pointers?
A pointer is a variable whose value is the address of another variable. Like any variable or constant, you must declare a pointer before you can work with it. The general form of a pointer variable declaration is −
Here, type is the pointer's base type; it must be a valid C++ type and var-name is the name of the pointer variable. The asterisk you used to declare a pointer is the same asterisk that you use for multiplication. However, in this statement the asterisk is being used to designate a variable as a pointer. Following are the valid pointer declaration −
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The actual data type of the value of all pointers, whether integer, float, character, or otherwise, is the same, a long hexadecimal number that represents a memory address. The only difference between pointers of different data types is the data type of the variable or constant that the pointer points to.
Using Pointers in C++
There are few important operations, which we will do with the pointers very frequently. (a) We define a pointer variable. (b) Assign the address of a variable to a pointer. (c) Finally access the value at the address available in the pointer variable. This is done by using unary operator * that returns the value of the variable located at the address specified by its operand. Following example makes use of these operations −
When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces result something as follows −
Pointers in C++
Pointers have many but easy concepts and they are very important to C++ programming. There are following few important pointer concepts which should be clear to a C++ programmer −
Sr.No | Concept & Description |
---|---|
1 | Null Pointers C++ supports null pointer, which is a constant with a value of zero defined in several standard libraries. |
2 | Pointer Arithmetic There are four arithmetic operators that can be used on pointers: ++, --, +, - |
3 | Pointers vs Arrays There is a close relationship between pointers and arrays. |
4 | Array of Pointers You can define arrays to hold a number of pointers. |
5 | Pointer to Pointer C++ allows you to have pointer on a pointer and so on. |
6 | Passing Pointers to Functions Passing an argument by reference or by address both enable the passed argument to be changed in the calling function by the called function. |
7 | Return Pointer from Functions C++ allows a function to return a pointer to local variable, static variable and dynamically allocated memory as well. |
C++ is a language that has evolved much over the years, and these tutorials explain many features added recently to the language. Therefore, in order to properly follow the tutorials, a recent compiler is needed. It shall support (even if only partially) the features introduced by the 2011 standard.
Many compiler vendors support the new features at different degrees. See the bottom of this page for some compilers that are known to support the features needed. Some of them are free!
If for some reason, you need to use some older compiler, you can access an older version of these tutorials here (no longer updated).
What is a compiler?
Computers understand only one language and that language consists of sets of instructions made of ones and zeros. This computer language is appropriately called machine language.A single instruction to a computer could look like this:
00000 | 10011110 |
A particular computer's machine language program that allows a user to input two numbers, adds the two numbers together, and displays the total could include these machine code instructions:
00000 | 10011110 |
00001 | 11110100 |
00010 | 10011110 |
00011 | 11010100 |
00100 | 10111111 |
00101 | 00000000 |
As you can imagine, programming a computer directly in machine language using only ones and zeros is very tedious and error prone. To make programming easier, high level languages have been developed. High level programs also make it easier for programmers to inspect and understand each other's programs easier.
This is a portion of code written in C++ that accomplishes the exact same purpose:
Even if you cannot really understand the code above, you should be able to appreciate how much easier it will be to program in the C++ language as opposed to machine language.
Because a computer can only understand machine language and humans wish to write in high level languages high level languages have to be re-written (translated) into machine language at some point. This is done by special programs called compilers, interpreters, or assemblers that are built into the various programming applications.
C++ is designed to be a compiled language, meaning that it is generally translated into machine language that can be understood directly by the system, making the generated program highly efficient. For that, a set of tools are needed, known as the development toolchain, whose core are a compiler and its linker.
Console programs
Console programs are programs that use text to communicate with the user and the environment, such as printing text to the screen or reading input from a keyboard.Console programs are easy to interact with, and generally have a predictable behavior that is identical across all platforms. They are also simple to implement and thus are very useful to learn the basics of a programming language: The examples in these tutorials are all console programs.
The way to compile console programs depends on the particular tool you are using.
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The easiest way for beginners to compile C++ programs is by using an Integrated Development Environment (IDE). An IDE generally integrates several development tools, including a text editor and tools to compile programs directly from it.Here you have instructions on how to compile and run console programs using different free Integrated Development Interfaces (IDEs):
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IDE | Platform | Console programs |
---|---|---|
Code::blocks | Windows/Linux/MacOS | Compile console programs using Code::blocks |
Visual Studio Express | Windows | Compile console programs using VS Express 2013 |
Dev-C++ | Windows | Compile console programs using Dev-C++ |
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If you happen to have a Linux or Mac environment with development features, you should be able to compile any of the examples directly from a terminal just by including C++11 flags in the command for the compiler:
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Compiler | Platform | Command |
---|---|---|
GCC | Linux, among others... | g++ -std=c++0x example.cpp -o example_program |
Clang | OS X, among others... | clang++ -std=c++11 -stdlib=libc++ example.cpp -o example_program |
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Index | Next: Structure of a program |